Clinical management of acute myocarditis associated with systemic sclerosis using high dose intravenous immunoglobulin
Systemic Sclerosis ( SSc ) is an autoimmune disorder associated with diffuse vascular lesions that involves skin and many internal organs including heart. Cardiac involvements include pulmonary hypertension , fibrosis and myocarditis ( 1-3).
Clinically evident myocardial involvement may be found in ۲۰-۲۵ % of scleroderma patients (۲).
Myocarditis is a life – threatening complication with heterogeneity of clinical presentation in SSc.
It is essential for preventing mortality and morbidities to identify SSc patients at early stages of myocarditis (3).
Case presentation
A ۵۵ year – old retired woman with a ۹ – year medical history of SSc developed exertional dyspnea ( New York Heart Association , NYHA ) Functional class III and palpitation for one week.
Tracing back her past medical history , one year ago she underwent coronary Angiography and right heart catheterization which revealed normal epicardial coronary arteries and normal pulmonary artery pressure. Also ,prior trans-thoracic echocardiography showed normal left and right ventricular systolic function .
On admission , she was afebrile , pulse was ۱۱۵ beats per minute and blood pressure was ۱۰۴/۷۴ mmHg . Auscultation did not reveal any cardiac murmur or rub . The electrocardiogram ( E CG) on presentation demonstrated sinus tachycardia without significant ST-T wave changes .
Blood tests revealed elevated Pro-Brain natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP ),normal ESR and CRP.
The trans-thoracic echocardiography including tissue – Doppler imaging revealed severely impaired left ventricular systolic function [ left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) of 20% ] with marked regional wall motion abnormalities including severely hypokinetic LV apex , inferior , inferoseptal and anteroseptal walls . Left ventricular wall thickness and dimension were within normal levels .
Other findings were mild pericardial effusion and mild to moderate right ventricular enlargement with moderate right ventricular systolic dysfunction.
We diagnosed her as acute myocarditis and she was treated with conventional medical treatment for ventricular dysfunction in line with current guidelines on heart failure , and immunomodulatory therapy .
She was treated with loop diuretic , angiotensin receptor blockade , beta – adrenergic blockade and aldosterone receptor antagonist .
High dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was given as immunomodulatory therapy .
The patient’s clinical status was improved during ۶ weeks after starting treatment .
Repeat trans-thoracic echocardiogram ۴ weeks after the start of treatment showed an improvement of left ventricular systolic function with an ejection fraction of ۳۵% .
This improvement countinued over the next few weeks .
A cardiac MRI ۳ months after the start of treatment ( ۳ cycles of monthly IVIG ) showed evidence of localized myocardial inflammation (edema) in the inferoseptal segments , normal LV size with mildly reduced systolic function and normal RV size with mild to moderately reduced systolic function .
After ۶ months , we observed complete recovery of ventricular contractile function.
Echocardiogram of the 6 months post – initiation of treatment showed complete recovery of left ventricular systolic function ( LVEF ۵۵% ) .
In addition , right ventricular systolic function was normal , tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion ( TAPSE ) = 25 mm , Doppler tissue imaging septal velocity , pulsed wave ( DTI s’) = ۱۷ cm/s .
At the ۱۰ – month follow up , after receiving a total of ۶ courses of high dose IVIG , she was in NYHA I .
Discussion :
Scleroderma heart disease is a significant complication of systemic sclerosis . Scleroderma myocarditis is a variety of primary cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis , that a minority of them can present as an acute myocarditis .
Based on our knowledge , information about treatment of acute myocarditis in systemic sclerosis is scant and it remains empirical .
Recently stack et al , reported a case of scleroderma myocarditis who controlled by using a combination of cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone . That patient received a total of three courses of methylprednisolone and nine doses of cyclophosphamide .
At ۹ months post – initiation of treatment , the patient’s condition was stable and he
did not need to be hospitalized . The plan for that patient was ۱۲ doses of pulsed IV cyclophosphamide (۴).
Also , Ramalho et al reported a case of autoimmune myocardiitis in systemic sclerosis . They demonstrated medical therapy including conventional treatment for heart failure , cyclophosphamide , azathioprine and prednisolone was effective and at the ۱۲ month follow-up there was a complete recovery of biventricular systolic function (۵).
IVIG has immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties and by a variety of mechanisms it causes modulation of immune and inflammatory response ( ۶) .
Based of position statement of the European Society Of Cardiology working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases ( current of knowledge on etiology , diagnosis , management , and therapy of myocarditis ), our patient was commenced on high dose IVIG ( 7 ).
After receiving a total of ۶ courses of high dose IVIG , complete recovery of ventricular contractile function happened.
At ۱۰ month follow up , the patient was in NYHA I and left ventricular systolic function was normal ( LVEF ۵۵% ) . It was our first experience to treat acute myocarditis in a scleroderma patient with high dose IVIG with good response and it supports the use of a high dose IVIG in similar cases .
Further experience and studies are needed to provide the best management for these patients .
References
۱٫Mavrogeni S , Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Karabela G, Stavropoulos E, Katsifis G,
Raftakis J, et al. Silent myocarditis in systemic sclerosis detected by cardiovascular magnetic
resonance using Lake Louise criteria. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2017;17:187.
۲٫D’Andrea A, Stisi S, Caso P, Scotto di Uccio F, Bellissimo S, Salerno G, et al. Associations Between Left Ventricular Myocardial Involvement and Endothelial Dysfunction in Systemic Sclerosis: Noninvasive Assessment in Asymptomatic Patients . ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: A Jrnl. of CV Ultrasound & Allied Tech 2007;24:587-597.
۳٫Pieroni M, De Santis M, Zizzo G , Bosello S, Smaldone C, Campioni M, et al. Recognizing and treating myocarditis in recent-onset systemic sclerosis heart disease: Potential utility of immunosuppressive therapy in cardiac damage. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2014;43:526–۵۳۵٫
۴٫J Stack, P McLaughlin, C Sinnot, M Henry, P MacEneaney, A Eltahir, et al. Successful control of scleroderma myocarditis using a combination of cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone. Scand J Rheumatol 2010; 39:4,
۳۴۹-۳۵۰٫
- Ramalho A R, Costa S, Silva F, Donato P, Franco F , Pêgo G M .Autoimmune myocarditis in systemic sclerosis: an unusual form of scleroderma heart disease presentation. ESC Heart Failure 2017; 4: 365–۳۷۰٫
- Silvergleid A J, Ballow M. Overview of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) therapy .UpToDate 2017.
- Caforio A L, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, et al. Current state ofknowledgeonaetiology,diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis:
a position statement of the European Societyo f CardiologyWorking Group on Myocardial
and Pericardial Diseases. European Heart Journal 2013; 34: 2636–۲۶۴۸٫